Throughout the month of September, the RDN monitoring team have detected a range of hateful narratives and discourse. This month, there has been a rise in homophobia, but other forms of hatred have also been detected.

Homophobia in Serbia and Albania

This month, there was a significant rise in homophobia in Serbia across both traditional and social media, as Belgrade hosted this years’ EuroPride. A number of openly hateful narratives and homophobic stances taken by the public, social media users, political figures, including many right-wing politicians, and religious figures contributed to the homophobic environment.

In Serbia, online portal Blic.rs published a headline reporting on the resolution which was taken by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to ban the Pride Parade set to take place. After an overwhelmingly negative reaction to this news, at the last minute, the Government came out and announced that there would now be police protection provided for participants of the Pride. This news effectively provided the green light for the event to proceed as planned. The article published by Blic.rs, highlighted the reaction of the European Union to the news about banning of EuroPride resulting in a stream of hateful, homophobic comments. Most of the comments circulated around the idea of members of the LGBTQ+ community being ‘sick’ and ‘mentally unstable’ as well as a number of comments using derogatory labels. The most extreme and hateful comments received an overwhelming number of likes in comparison to dislikes, revealing the support for these narratives and homophobic rhetoric. Portals like Blic.rs hold a responsibility to react to these homophobic narratives shared on their online platforms. By allowing the comment section to go unchallenged and uncontrolled, this only provides the space for the spread of homophobic and anti-LGBTQ+ narratives with their readers. Reporting on EuroPride showed many malpractices by the Serbian media, particularly tabloids, but also showcased how important public figures are as generators of hate speech. Bishop Nikanor of Banat, who was the August Troll of the month, is just one example of that.

Following the attack of eight Albanian activists who participated in EuroPride 2022, the media in Albania mostly reported on this event in a neutral manner. This however did not hold true for the comment sections on both the online platforms of traditional media, and on the online portals which were flooded with negative comments and narratives. The eight Albanian activists were attacked by Serbian far-right hooligans whilst on their way back from the event to their accommodation. Many of the comments regarding this incident were both homophobic and hateful, with a number of so-called ‘funny’ reactions to the events which took place. Some of these comments went as far as to legitimise and even spur on the violence perpetrated towards the activists including inciting to more violence against the LGBTQ+ community as a whole.

This incident resulted in a rare display of ‘brotherhood’ and unification between Albanians and Serbs, based on the discrimination and hate towards the LGBTQ+ community. Once again, this highlights the lack of responsibility and will of media outlets to moderate the comments section and discriminatory narratives which arise on their platforms. Incidents such as this highlight the lack of mechanisms in place which aim to prevent and restrict such hateful narratives from being shared online. Media outlets should be responsible for moderating comments and held responsible for all of the content that is shared on their platforms.

Islamophobia in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina

During an interview on popular TV channel, RTK, Albanian writer Mehmet Kraja made comments concerning the latest public debate in regard to the possible change in the Administrative instruction which would allow girls from the age of 16 to wear the hijab (also known as the headscarf) in schools. When discussing this, Kraja made several comments which held no factual basis or proof. He claimed that girls in Kosovo have problems with emancipation, especially when it comes to those who wear the hijab which affects their perception, limits them and restrains their freedom of thought and speech. Such strong sentiments, presented as fact but holding no tangible argument or backed up by the research, are both problematic and Islamophobic.

This comment made on public TV  upset a number of people, including activist for the rights of women with headscarves, Nora Huseinovic, who announced a complaint against Kraje for his comments made during the interview. She furthermore demanded the resignation of Kraja from his current position as the president of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo, on the basis of his use of hate speech and intolerance.

The debate surrounding the permittance of women above the age of 16 to wear headscarves in schools has been quite polarised with several individuals arguing in support of such a change on the basis of freedom of choice whilst on the other hand, others arguing that such a change would go against the Constitution of Kosovo.

Regardless of the ongoing debate, making public statements and accusations regarding the position of women who wear headscarves as being ‘limited and restrained’ is problematic and incorrect. Narratives such as these only spread Islamophobic outlooks on the position of women who wear headscarves and contributes to negative group labelling and stereotyping.

The negative impact of these comments goes beyond targeting Muslim community in Kosovo; they target women and perpetuate the assumption that women are intrinsically unable to make informed choices, particularly when it comes to them making free and legitimate decisions over their own bodies.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, politician and Serbian member of the Presidency of Bosnia, Milorad Dodik, gave an interview for the Russian agency, Tass in which he discussed the current conflict in Ukraine. During this interview, Dodik justified the current invasion of Ukraine and even made problematic comparisons of the ongoing situation to that within Bosnia and Herzegovina. Dodik then went on to claim that it is not possible to “have joint schools and textbooks with the Muslims” when referring to Bosniaks.

This is not the first time Dodik has referred to Bosniaks as Muslims in public appearances, portraying the Bosniak community as a religious entity and stripping them of their ethnicity and position as members of the constituent peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina.  Political figures such as Milorad Dodik, who hold high public influence, should refrain from spreading such narratives. Making sweeping statements claiming that it is not possible to share public spaces such as schools with Muslims is not just Islamophobic, but contributes to already strong divisions within the Bosnian society on ethnic and religious grounds. 

Ethnic discrimination in Montenegro and North Macedonia

During one of the sessions of the Herceg Novi Municipality Assembly, one of the members of the Democrats, Savo Niković, made extremely derogatory comments when referring to the Roma community. When addressing the audience, Niković commented on the workers of the utility company as arrogant and unnecessarily emphasised their nationality, describing them as “arrogant garbage collectors of Roma nationality”. Labels such as these are hateful and denigrating and uphold discriminatory connotations towards the Roma community.

According to the local NGO Young Roma, this comment is made with an intent to categorise the Roma as second-class citizens. Referring to the nationality of individuals during public addresses in such a way is unnecessary as it  contributes further to the spread of negative group labelling of individuals. Narratives that rely on prejudices and stereotypes about the Roma community will go on to perpetuate a negative image of Roma inferiority.

Powerful and influential politicians such as Savo Niković have a responsibility towards the public to hold themselves accountable for their actions and words. All citizens and members of society should be treated equally and with respect, regardless of their ethnicity. Such prejudices run the risk of being picked up by individuals resulting in the mistreatment and hateful attitudes towards members of the Roma community, which is already severely discriminated against.

In North Macedonia, news made headlines regarding one of the largest Macedonian supermarket chains – Tinex – is said to be acquired by the Kosovo company Viva Fresh. Social media users on Twitter went on to spread hateful comments insulting Kosovo citizens with a range of insulting names and labels. Alongside this, online portal ‘Shqipmedia’ also reported on this incident, claiming that the supermarket chain was going to be bought out for around 90 million EUR – a statement with little to no proof. As soon as this news was published, many Macedonian outlets also reported on the matter, resulting in an outcry amongst Macedonian public and a surge of hate speech on online media.

Within North Macedonia, tensions between Macedonians and Albanians are well known, meaning that any information which is released and reported on in regards to Kosovo or Albanian companies entering the market is almost always faced with negative responses. Allowing such discriminatory and hateful comments to be posted with no consequence only further justified and fuels the ongoing tensions between both ethnic groups. This case highlights the lack of professionalism by the media within North Macedonia, who publish information such as these without factchecking beforehand. In highly sensitive political landscapes like in Macedonia, such headlines can only result in hate speech being disseminated by social media users. The media should report on information in a professional manner as a priority, and reject spreading disinformation in order to working against  the spread of hate speech.  

The goal of the Reporting Diversity Network 2.0 monitoring is to identify and document the most significant cases (‘incidents’) of hate speech and divisive discourses in the Western Balkans media.

Incidents are defined by the speaker regardless of where they occurred, but monitoring refers to their media coverage. They can originate in the Parliament, party event or any public occasion, not necessarily being generated by the media, but have to be reported or spread out by the media.

The media can be traditional (television, newspaper etc.) or social media (Facebook, Twitter, Insagram, TikTok etc.) or combination of both.

The purpose of the monitoring is not a systemic overview of all the media in the country, overall media discourse, nor the content of selected media. The goal is to single out individual incidents of hate speech which are either reported or distributed by the media, investigate frequency of their occurrences and their major forms. Monitoring will identify who commits the incident but also how media transmit, amplify or critically counter the hate speech through their coverage.

Another equally important goal is to identify groups and individuals who are targeted in those incidents, what kind of hatred, insults and threats are they exposed to and what language is publicly used against them in various media settings and environments.

The Balkan Troll of the Month is an individual, a group of individuals or a media outlet that spreads hate based on gender, ethnicity, religion, or other diversity categories. The Balkan Troll is selected based on hate speech incidents identified across the Western Balkans region in that particular month.

The purpose of the Troll is to call out the most serious cases of hate speech and to expose the perpetuators in front of the public. We tend to  inform the public on the reasons why the incident is problematic, and what the proper media representation should be.

Criteria to select Troll of the Month rely on monitoring methodology.

               The monitoring focuses on the most significant ‘episodes’ of hate speech which can be identified as ‘incidents’. There are three criteria to select them:

First, they can be defined by the relevance of the person making the offence. State officials, political representatives, public personalities, people of authority or celebrities carry more weight and their speech is more consequential for the public opinion. Therefore the importance of the speaker determines the tone of public debate beyond the single incident.

 Second, the incidents appearing across the media, either by being reported in many media or repeated though prolonged periods of time. Cases of viral hate speech, incidents that travel across media platforms or those with extended presence in certain media both have magnifying effects and therefore carry more significance than a random incident.

Third, public perception of the incident, its consequences, influence, harm, potential to cause chain reaction, be reprinted or become viral, adds to its significance even if the speaker would otherwise have been unnoticed. Due to rising importance of social media and its networking potential, certain incidents capture public attention and stir public sentiments by their inflammatory, intimidating and discriminatory nature amplified through comments and sharing.

In addition to the three above mentioned criteria, when selecting Troll of the Month sentiments that accompany the given incident is also taken into consideration.

Within sentiment analysis a score for each case should be given, except in situations when it is not feasible. The score ranges from 1 to 6, as shown in the table, according to the methodology of George Washington University. Pay attention: Not only can units of vocabulary have a hateful and non-hateful context, but language can be structured to communicate hateful context using sarcasm, double entendre, innuendo, euphemism, metaphor, and other forms of rhetorical obfuscation.

Based on the above criteria project representatives select three most serious cases, while the Troll of the Month is selected based on the votes of the project team members.

Each team member gives a vote to a single incident, and a Troll is selected based on the number of votes. In case there is an equal number of votes for two different incident, additional team member(s) is/are invited to vote.

The Balkan Troll of the Month is an individual, a group of individuals or a media outlet that spreads hate based on gender, ethnicity, religion, or other diversity categories. The Balkan Troll is selected based on hate speech incidents identified across the Western Balkans region.

The September Troll of the Month is Savo Niković, a member of the Democrats in Montenegro who openly spread discriminatory and insulting rhetoric aimed towards the Roma community.

During one of the sessions held at Herceg Novi Municipality Assembly, one of the members of the Democrats, Savo Niković made extremely insulting and denigrating comments when discussing the workers of the utility company. During his speech, Niković openly called the workers of the utility company ‘arrogant’ and went as far as to unnecessarily emphasise their nationality. When referring to these individuals, Niković labelled them as “arrogant garbage collectors of Roma nationality”. According to the local NGO Young Roma, this comment is made with an intent to categorise the Roma as second-class citizens.

Several other NGOs spoke out in reaction to this incident, highlighting the level of discrimination and negative group labelling towards the Roma community. Making such statements, as well as unnecessarily referring to the nationality of individuals during public addresses is very problematic. Emphasising one’s nationality in an instance such as this contributes to the spread of negative group labelling of individuals. Narratives that rely on prejudices and stereotypes about Roma community, such as the aforementioned, perpetuate an image of Roma inferiority.

Spreading negative and hateful narratives surrounding Roma, runs the risk of reinforcing stereotypes and negative attitudes towards individuals based on their ethnicity. This often results in the stigmatisation and isolation of members of the Roma community, despite them being amongst Europe’s largest ethnic minority.   

Politicians and individuals such as Savo Niković, who hold a position of power and influence over political agenda setting and the opinions of others should have a moral and legal responsibility to hold themselves accountable for their actions. Spreading hateful, insulting narratives when addressing an audience, only contributes to the spread of discriminatory rhetoric. These narratives could be picked up and reported by the media, which could result in the magnification of discrimination and hate directed towards the Roma community.

This is not the first case of discrimination towards the Roma community noted this year. As part of the Montenegrin Cultural Network campaign, for the project ‘Montenegro without division’, a promotional photo was published on the Network’s website. The photo itself depicted representatives from all national communities dressed in their traditional costumes, that is, all except for the Roma community. They in turn, were represented in their uniforms from the Public Utility Company. Many organisations as well as individuals spoke out in reaction to this incident and condemned the stereotypical, discriminatory representation of the Roma community. Indeed, by not providing traditional Roma folk costumes, this painted a disproportionate representation in comparison to the other individuals who all wore their own traditional costumes.

Beyond the two mentioned incidents and to a broader level, RDN 2.0 media monitoring did not found much content about Roma people. This phenomenon is known as ‘hate silence’. It is evident across the region that the Roma community is underrepresented in the media apart from certain incidents and events which most often bring negative publicity. The lack of representation in the media often reflects a deeper issue at hand whereby, the Roma community is overlooked in everyday practices as members of society and their social position is more than often ignored. One way of improving this is by increasing the number of Roma people in the newsroom and inviting members of the Roma community to share their stories and experiences thereby, providing them with a voice. The media should have an active role in counteracting negative labelling and discrimination aimed towards the Roma community as all citizens and members of society should be treated equally and with respect regardless of their ethnicity.

For the past four years, every September journalists, media workers, academics and CSOs gather in Fažana, a small town in the Adriatic Coast, for the Fažana Media Fest, a multimedia journalism festival which has been proclaimed as a friendly home to journalists. MDI has been part of this festival for the past three years as co-organisers. This year’s theme was ‘Women and the Media’ a topic very close to our work as is evident from our projects and the stories we cover. Those in attendance had the chance to discuss, learn, and network from and with one another.  

This year we hosted four panels where we presented the achievements of our Western Balkans project Reporting Diversity Network 2.0 which has been established with the objective to effectively influence media representation of ethnicity, religion and gender in the Western Balkans. The project is funded by the European Union, the Balkan Trust for Democracy, a project of the German Marshall Fund of the United States, and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Belgrade. 

MDI’s first panel started on Wednesday 7 September. ‘Are we all products on digital platforms?’ brought together Bojana Kostić (Pen to Paper), Anida Sokol (Mediacentar Sarajevo), Laura Becana Ball (Global Forum for Media Development), and Eric Heinze (Queen Mary University), and was moderated by Jovanka Matić (Institute for Social Sciences).  

Two panels followed on Thursday 8 September.  

During the first one Marina Kostova (SDK.MK), Ivana Jelača (Media Diversity Institute Western Balkans), Edlira Gjoni (Impact Centre) and Aleksandra Nikšić (BBC Serbia) discussed the ‘Position of Women in the Media’. The panel was moderated by Snježana Milivojević, Dean of Bayan College in Oman.

For the second panel of the day Maja Čečen (Director of Fund B92), Đurđa Radulović (Network of Journalists of Montenegro), Ognen Janeski (Council of Europe and European Union Western Balkans No Hate Speech Ambassador) and Valbona Sulce (Albanian Women in Audiovisual) talked about ‘The Media, Journalists and Violence towards Women’. The panel was moderated by journalists Maša Mileusnić. 

During the final day for our panels Jennifer Adams (Pen to Paper), Aleksandra Nikšić (BBC Serbia), Bogdan Banjac (Commission for Protection of Equality in Serbia), and moderator Violeta Simeonova Staničić (Head of the European Parliament Office in Croatia) took part in an engaging discussion about the ‘Representation of Women in the Media and the Improvement of Policies’.  

In tune with our commitment to the improvement of the media’s portrayal of women and better treatment by their employers in the media sector, MDI and RDN 2.0 could not have been prouder to co-organise the Fazana Media Fest 2022. We look forward to the future of the festival.  

Throughout the month of August, the RDN 2.0 monitoring team has detected a range of hateful narratives and discourse. This month there has been a rise in homophobia, particularly in Serbia due to the upcoming EuroPride, along with sexism and ethnic discrimination.  

Sexism in North Macedonia 

The website express.mk published an article regarding singer Tamara Todevska in which it claimed that she was the former prime minister’s singer and that that was the reason why she was chosen to represent the country in Eurovision in 2019. Furthermore, the article claimed that when singing the national anthem, the singer purposefully forgot the part of the lyrics mentioning the name of Macedonian revolutionaries. The article also contained several remarks on her appearance emphasising that ‘only a few people can recognise her’ after publishing a photo of herself. The article went as far as to insult her career by adding that regardless of her aim to fix her mistake in regard to the national anthem, ‘her career did not get better’. 

In addition to this, express.mk shared this article on their Facebook page with the title ‘After the North, nothing is the same as before’. This title provoked and prompted an avalanche of negative, personal and derogatory comments aimed towards Tamara Todevska. 

Overly opinionated reporting of this kind which is not based on facts and truth can result in the creation of an environment of hate which spurs on negative attitudes and comments towards individuals.  

Ethnic discrimination in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo 

Antimigrant.ba, which has been the focus of RDN 2.0 highlights several times, is an extremely problematic website which shares discriminatory narratives in relation to migrants and refugees within the country. The portal often shares articles which contribute to the negative narrative which supports that an ‘overwhelming number of migrants are a ‘threat’ to the local community’. Their recent headline read ‘A migrant tried to kill another migrant, and he could have killed someone from Sarajevo’. This headline only contributes to the already present fearmongering discourse amongst Bosnians by placing a wedge between the local community and the migrant community with the dichotomy of ‘them’ versus ‘us’. The creation of a state of opposition between the two communities only contributes to the spread of discriminatory and prejudicial attitudes amongst them.  

Headlines which hold little to no evidence for the claim, contribute to the spread of misinformation and disinformation and run the risk of spreading xenophobia. By assuming that such an event could have occurred to a local from ‘Sarajevo’ the headline creates a personalised aspect towards the issue by imposing the idea of a ‘threat’ to society.   

Ragmi Mustafi, President of the National Council of Albanians in Serbia recently stated that there is no reason as to why Albanians from the south of Serbia have less freedom than Serbs who live in the north of Kosovo. On his Facebook profile he criticised Kosovo’s Prime Minister Albin Kurti’s speech during the visit of Serbia’s President Aleksandar Vucic. More specifically he pointed out that, among the six points that were made during that speech, Albanian’s in Presevo should share the same rights as Serbs in Northern Kosovo.  

This information was picked up and reported on by the website ‘Kosovo Online’ resulting in an accumulation of hundreds of comments and hate aimed towards Ragmi Mustafa. Albanians who live in three South Serbian municipalities, specifically in the region of the Presevo Valley, believe that their basic human rights have been violated. Representatives of political parties have continuously vouched for their involvement in the negotiations in Brussels in order to improve this situation. 

Websites such as ‘Kosovo Online’ which report on sensitive stories that are later shared on their Facebook pages, create a platform which is filled with insulting comments and spread hate speech. News websites, similar to more traditional media should adhere to the Code of Ethics and should pay more attention to their method of reporting and they should moderate their comments sections in order to prevent hate speech. 

Homophobia in Serbia and Albania 

Milica Đurđević, a Serbian MP of the right-wing movement Zavetnici, recently appeared to Kurir TV’s morning show where the topics of EuroPride and the relations between Serbia and Kosovo were discussed. When talking about the recent events in Kosovo, Đurđević questioned the necessity of the EuroPride and suggested that the country has more important matters of ‘national interest’ to pay attention to rather than hosting of EuroPride. When referring to the recent events in the northern region of Kosovo, she reiterated the importance of this situation and the need for protection of the Serbian people. Đurđević went on to question whether it was necessary for the Police to protect those individuals who – according to her – merely act as ‘provocation’. She emphasised how the focus should rather be on the protection of the people and Serbia itself, in alignment with the priorities of national interest.  

The latest developments between Serbia and Kosovo were connected to and misused against the EuroPride. Those who used such arguments dismissed the importance of the EuroPride and emphasised on the situation in Northern Kosovo. This has brought a lot of turmoil in the country. Many far-right politicians have expressed their dismay of the event taking place in mid-September and there have even been protests taking place in the capital. By allowing such rhetoric and comments on the morning programme of Kurir TV, only reinforces the existing prejudices against the LGBTQ+ community and leaves space for the spread of negative attitudes towards it.  

In Albania, the popular meme page Brryli Broadway made a meme juxtaposing images of two well-known individuals, one the LGBTQ+ activist Xheni Karaj and the other the moderator Bledi Mane. The meme focused on mocking the individuals’ hairstyles which are similar. It depicted both of them but identified Xheni Karaj as Bledi Made and vice versa. Despite the humourous purpose of the meme, it alluded that both of them are queer and that they can both be identified with a different gender.  The meme itself is problematic and mocking, as it contributes to the perpetuation of the stereotype that queer women look like men, while men with hairstyles that are different from the ‘masculine norm’ are said to look like women.  

Accompanying this meme, was a number of homophobic and hateful comments aimed at both individuals. The comments section which is not moderated, provides a space for hate towards both individuals and the LGBTQ+ community. Posts such as this meme are used to invoke humour whilst simultaneously mocking individuals. They provide a space for the spread of homophobic rhetoric and should be removed and should not be posted on social media. Furthermore, social media platforms such as Instagram should have a duty and role to remove such content and comments from the platform according to their community guidelines for hate speech.  

Misinformation in Montenegro 

During the TV Pink’s morning show ‘Novo Jutro’, the host discussed and revealed the ‘exclusive’ information and motive behind the killing of ten people in Cetinje. Viewers in Montenegro could watch the program via Pink M television. The morning programme reported on this tragedy by speculating the causes of the accident. Indeed, unlike most media within Montenegro, the way that TV Pink’s morning show reported on this event was extremely unprofessional and unethical.  

In reaction to this, the Civic Initiative ‘21 May’- an informal and democratic movement of free Montenegrin citizens who aim to defend the liberal values of the country – requested the Agency for Electronic Media to blackout the content of TV Pink for at least a year. They supported this claim with the argument that the programme itself frequently spreads hate speech.  

Media such as TV Pink and their programmes have a moral and legal obligation to report in a professional manner in alignment to ethical and journalistic standards of practice. By reporting in such a sensationalistic manner, they contribute to the spread of harmful disinformation. Furthermore, such reporting contributed to the distress of the victims, families and friends of the tragedy as this news spreads media viewership by unethically speculating about the potential motives of the incident.  

As a result of this case, TV Pink Montenegro morning programme has been banned for 6 months in Montenegro, which is an important decision showing that despite a lot of ethnic tensions were allowed on air in Montenegro, Regulatory Body reacts at least to some. 

The Balkan Troll of the Month is an individual, a group of individuals or a media outlet that spreads hate based on gender, ethnicity, religion, or other diversity categories. The Balkan Troll is selected based on hate speech incidents identified across the Western Balkans region.

RDN’s August Troll is the Bishop Nikanor of Banat who openly spread hateful narratives and incitement to violence towards those attending and participating in this year’s EuroPride hosted in Belgrade.

Earlier this month, a number of videos emerged on social media depicting Bishop Nikanor of Banat making a speech directed at the public in regards to his views and thoughts on EuroPride. Nikanor publicly shamed and condemned all those in favour of participating, organising and involved in this year’s EuroPride which will take place in Belgrade in mid-September.

Bishop Nikanor addressed the public with extremely hateful and problematic statements including insulting and derogatory comments towards the Prime Minister of Serbia, Ana Brnabic, and first openly gay person to hold the office. In addition, he openly called for the use of violence and physical action towards those taking part and participating in EuroPride. Nikanor expressed how he would be amongst the first to stand up against the EuroPride, claiming that he would “curse anyone who preached this”, and that he would use weapons against them if he had them.

EuroPride is one of the largest European events for the LGBTQ+ community and an important milestone for the LGBTQ+ community in the whole region – it is an event marking the respect for equality and shared rights for all, regardless their sexual orientation or gender identity. An event promoting the empowerment of individuals, shared values, respect and love. Nevertheless, not everyone is equally as supportive of this event and many politicians, religious actors and members of society have publicly expressed their dismay at the hosting of such an event in the city of Belgrade.

In reaction to the calls for violence and hateful narratives spread by Bishop Nikanor of Banat, a number of media outlets picked up and reported on this incident including a large number of social media users who expressed their shock. Furthermore, the Commissioner for the Protection of Equality – Brankica Janković –  made a public statement condemning the Bishop’s actions, rightfully highlighting his extremely problematic statements and calls for violence against members of the LGBTQ+ community. Janković furthermore, highlighted the divide between the Church and public matters as well as not standing in the way of democratic values.  

On the other hand, others took this as an opportunity to continue to show their objection to hosting of EuroPride in Belgrade which resulted in an increase of problematic and discriminatory statements spread by public figures. These incidents only further contributing to the existing hate environment.

Discrimination is considered an act of denial of an individual’s right to convey their values in accordance to their beliefs. However, under Article 18 ‘the prohibition of religious discrimination’ of the Serbian Law on the Prohibition of Discrimination it is clearly stated that the Church itself is exempt from this law. The passage reads:

“behaviour of priests or religious officials that is in accordance with the religious doctrine, belief or goals of churches and religious communities (…) is not considered discrimination”.

In other words, given that the Church is exempt from the Serbian Law on the Prohibition of Discrimination, it is extremely difficult for actors and institutions to act upon such cases and hold individuals accountable for the spread of hateful narratives and calls for violence aimed at the LGBTQ+ community. Such lack of institutional mechanisms of response, allows for Church representatives and members to openly spread hateful and discriminatory narratives with full legal immunity.

This is not the first time a religious figure has publicly interfered in public matters. Three months ago, the Metropolitan of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro, Joanikije Mićović spoke in support of the recent initiative by the American Supreme Court, wishing to overturn abortion rights in the United States. Nevertheless, the fact remains that the church is a separate institution and therefore, should not interfere within public matters or stand in the way of equality, freedom of choice and rights for all.

Reporting Diversity Network 2.0 strongly condemns any type of hate speech aimed at the LGBTQ+ community. Spreading such hateful narratives poses a direct threat towards the LGBTQ+ community and further creates a divide in society. Media should also take a critical stand when reporting on such incidents and keep in mind their educational role and obligations in accordance with the Code of Ethics.

Individuals spreading such narratives, regardless of their religious affiliation should be held accountable and responsible for their actions and behaviour.

Throughout the month of July, the RDN monitoring team has detected a range of hateful narratives and discourse.

Antisemitism in Albania

On Top Channel’s show “E Diell’, as part of the segment – Rrethi Katror’ – a frequent guest of the show, Alfred Cako, made problematic antisemitic statements. Cako is also known as Albania’s most prominent conspiracy theorist. The segment itself was focused on the topic of World War II, in which Cako claimed that the history books are inaccurate, and that it was in fact the Jewish people who started World War II against Germany with the intention of exterminating the German people.

This statement and claim can be perceived as revisionist, which, according to the European Convention on Human Rights, is a form of hate speech. Alongside this, Cako continued to make other dark statements containing elements of racism by arguing that “there is enough reason for the white race to be superior” as well as stating that “Jews have been kicked out of 100 countries…wherever they have invaded, they have destroyed [that country].”

Although this show aired in early June, by mid-July, Israel’s Embassy in Tirana sent a letter to the Albanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which Alfred Cako reacted to on his social media, arguing that his comments and statements were just “alternative ideas”.

Television channels, such as Top Channel, have an ethical and legal obligation as well as a responsibility for all content and discussions aired on their programme, therefore allowing the spread of antisemitic comments and historical revisionism with little to no limitations. Furthermore, with such a wide audience and outreach, these negative connotations will continue to fuel more religious intolerance.

Ethnic discrimination in Montenegro and Serbia

In Montenegro, as part of the Montenegrin Cultural Network campaign for the project ‘Montenegro without division’, a promotional photo for the project was published on the Network’s website. The photo displays representatives of all national communities shown in their traditional costumes except for the Roma community, who are pictured in the work uniforms of Serbia’s Public Utility Company.

In reaction to this, many organisations, and individuals themselves came forward to condemn the stereotypical and discriminatory representation of the members of the Roma community. In response to this, The Network issued a statement on social media that “they failed to provide Roma folk costumes” and they continued that as the proverb says “a suit does not make a man” and that it is more important that the Roma and Egyptians appeared equally as people in the campaign, rather than focusing on how they were dressed.

The level of discrimination and exclusion of the Roma community in comparison to other representatives of national communities within Montenegro is apparent here as by not providing traditional Roma folk costumes fosters an image of inequality. Also, the reaction of the Montenegrin Cultural Network portrayed a level of justification for the ethnic discrimination aimed towards the Roma community.

In Serbia, following Aleksandar Vučić’s ban from entering Croatia, there has been problematic media coverage and language used by Serbian politicians. A couple of days after the visit, Ivica Dačić, President of the National Assembly of Serbia, was invited on the local KURIR TV station to comment on it. During the show, when discussing the topic of Srebrenica during the war in the 90s and the level of education surrounding the genocide, Dačić denied Serbia’s involvement. He then argued that one can discuss the events which took place in Srebrenica if there is equal admittance of wrongdoing and crimes committed against the Serbian population during the World Wars.

Genocide denial is a serious issue that we are still experiencing till this day, decades after the loss of countless lives. Dačić argued that genocides differ in terms of acknowledgement and reconciliation process. Such arguments are highly problematic as genocide recognition and acknowledgement does not work on a quid pro quo basis. KURIR TV has an obligation to prevent such ethnic discrimination and harmful narratives from being spread amongst the public. The media should use their platform to educate and inform the public rather than promote hateful narratives and fuelling tensions that are already surrounding the case.

Sexism in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina

In Mitrovica, Kosovo, a 26-year-old woman reported her husband to the police on account of domestic and physical abuse. Following on from this incident, the police initiated a domestic violence procedure, resulting in the husband calling the woman’s parents to say that she can go back home, as she’s no longer his wife.  She is now currently staying with her parents.

Local online news website Sinjali reported that the husband initiated a divorce case. The comments from the site’s Facebook page on this story were filled with sexist language and misogyny, arguing that it is actually a fact that women are the main cause of problems in the family. There were even a number of comments calling for men not to marry in the future.

In Kosovo the number of domestic violence cases is on the rise, and such incidents are reported almost on a daily basis. Due to the often-inadequate response from the police or mediators who insist that the woman return to her husband, several murders have also been recorded. In the traditional outlook of Kosovan society, the man is often seen as the ‘head of the family’ and that a woman is his ‘property’ thereby justifying forms of physical abuse. Often, it is not traditional media itself who spread sexism and misogyny, however, by reporting rather superficially, without in-dept approach to this important social issue, they leave space for spread of the existing misconceptions and sexist stands in the comments section. Comments are usually much more problematic that the content itself, but media do little or nothing to change that.

In the Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a discussion was held in regards to an important law, when a number of male representatives from the ruling parties lashed out at an MP from the opposition, who is a woman. The individuals spoke out sharing personal remarks and commenting on her appearance. One of the male politicians went on to say to her “your facial expression, I wonder who can love you even politically. I know some who love it, they are very rare”.

This comment is both extremely unprofessional and sexist, as directing personal insults towards the MP, whether in a heated discussion or due to political disagreement, should never be justified. Politicians hold a level of both power and influence over public opinion and should therefore use their platform in a responsible and professional manner.

Hate speech in North Macedonia

Currently North Macedonia is facing political turmoil surrounding the necessary requirements and conditions for starting negotiations for future EU accession. The new ‘French proposal’ lays out concessions to be made by North Macedonia to Bulgaria in terms of the human rights of Bulgarians who reside within North Macedonia. This would involve a change within the constitution itself, allowing for their greater rights as a condition for Bulgaria to lift the veto so that North Macedonia can start the accession negotiations.

On the other hand, not everyone is keen for this proposal. Dimitar Apasiev, leader of the Levica party, has been one of the most vocal opponents of this. The leader has taken to social media to call out members of the government who are considering such proposals. In one of his posts on Twitter, he went on to call President Pendarovski highly inappropriate names due to the fact that the president allegedly claimed that he didn’t see the new proposals as wrong.

When one politician is personally offended rather than just challenging the stands of political opponent, sharing public opinion in a disrespectful manner can often worsen the situation at hand. Members of parliament hold a certain moral responsibility and duty to be accountable for their actions and hold themselves in a professional manner. Such comments made on social media not just widen the gap between those in favour and those in opposition of this proposal, but more generally foster tensions in the society.